Digital phenotyping is the term given to the capturing and use of user log data from health and wellbeing technologies used in apps and cloud-based services. This paper explores ethical issues in making use of digital phenotype data in the arena of digital health interventions. Products and services based on digital wellbeing technologies typically include mobile device apps as well as browser-based apps to a lesser extent, and can include telephony-based services, text-based chatbots, and voice-activated chatbots. Many of these digital (...) products and services are simultaneously available across many channels in order to maximize availability for users. Digital wellbeing technologies offer useful methods for real-time data capture of the interactions of users with the products and services. It is possible to design what data are recorded, how and where it may be stored, and, crucially, how it can be analyzed to reveal individual or collective usage patterns. The paper also examines digital phenotyping workflows, before enumerating the ethical concerns pertaining to different types of digital phenotype data, highlighting ethical considerations for collection, storage, and use of the data. A case study of a digital health app is used to illustrate the ethical issues. The case study explores the issues from a perspective of data prospecting and subsequent machine learning. The ethical use of machine learning and artificial intelligence on digital phenotype data and the broader issues in democratizing machine learning and artificial intelligence for digital phenotype data are then explored in detail. (shrink)

We argue in this paper that so-called new wave reductionism fails to capture the nature of the interlevel relations between psychology and neuroscience. Bickle (1995, Psychoneural reduction of the genuinely cognitive: some accomplished facts, Philosophical Psychology, 8, 265-285; 1998, Psychoneural reduction: the new wave, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) has claimed that a (bottom-up) reduction of the psychological concepts of learning and memory to the concepts of neuroscience has in fact already been accomplished. An investigation of current research on the phenomenon (...) of long-term potentiation reveals that this claim overstates the facts. Both the psychological and the neural concepts involved have not yet stabilized and face further correction under the influence of both bottom-up and top-down selection pressures. In addition, psychological concepts often refer to functions, and functions are indispensable and irreducible. Function ascriptions pick out objective patterns involving historical factors and distal goals. This view of functions implies that psychological facts cannot be simply read off from the neurophysiological facts. Although psychological theorizing is constrained by neurophysiology (and vice versa), psychology remains distinct at least to some degree. (shrink)

The doctrine of eliminative materialism holds that belief-desire psychology is massively referentially disconnected. We claim, however, that it is not at all obvious what it means to be referentially (dis)connected. The two major accounts of reference both lead to serious difficulties for eliminativism: it seems that elimination is either impossible or omnipresent. We explore the idea that reference fixation is a much more local, partial, and context-dependent process than was supposed by the classical accounts. This pragmatic view suggests that elimination (...) is not the prime model for understanding the complex relations between the mind and brain sciences, and that we have little ground for concluding that in general psychological kinds do not exist. We suggest that reference changes are better seen as continuous rather than completely eliminative. (shrink)

Recently, some philosophers of religion have suggested that a reduction of the classical image of humanity may jeopardize classical theism. To obstruct reductionism, some theologians have argued for dualism on the basis of the argument of consciousness. In this essay, I argue that even consciousness must be considered a brain‐based phenomenon. This does not commit one to reductionism, however. Nonreductive physicalism appears to offer a promising alternative to either dualism or reductionism, without necessarily compromising more traditional views of humanity. I (...) do suggest that a modification of the classical image of God may be inevitable. (shrink)

Gold & Stoljar are right in rejecting the radical neuron doctrine, but we argue that their distinction between determination and explanation is not principled enough to support their conclusion. We claim that the notions of multiple supervenience and screening-off offer a more precise construal of the dissociation between explanation and determination that lies at the heart of the antireductionist position.

In the United States, a longstanding legal rule exists against patenting natural phenomena. The Supreme Court recently had an opportunity to help define the boundaries and clarify the implications of this “natural phenomenon doctrine” in Laboratory Corporation of America v. Metabolite Labs., dismissed as improvidently granted. This article argues that the natural phenomenon doctrine renders both the patent claim at issue in LabCorp, and the patents that directly or indirectly claim biological correlations between genotypes and medical phenotypes, invalid or unenforceable (...) under U.S. patent law. (shrink)

Molecular genetic testing has increasingly been incorporated into clinical medicine, and this trend is likely to accelerate in the future. The introduction of genetic testing into medical practice is beginning to collide head on with patents that claim ownership of correlations between human genetic variants and predisposition to disease, response to therapeutic drugs, and susceptibility to pharmacologic side effects. Patent holders or licensees of genes, genetic variants, and their genotype-phenotype correlations are already using the threat of litigation to monopolize genetic (...) tests for important well-known syndromes like Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and inherited breast and ovarian cancer, in addition to a host of less commonly discussed conditions. (shrink)

The tension between public duty and private conscience is a central theme of English history in the seventeenth century, when established authorities were questioned and violently disrupted. It has also been an important theme in the work of one of the foremost historians of the period, G.E. Aylmer. It makes, therefore, an especially appropriate subject for this volume. The contributors are leading historians, whose topics range from contemporary writings on conscience and duty to the particular problems faced by individuals and (...) groups, both Puritan and Royalist, at the center and in the localities. These scholarly and original studies throw new light on the innumberable dilemmas of conscience of seventeenth-century men and women, and together make a distinguished contribution to seventeenth-century history. (shrink)

The aim of UK-REACH (“The United Kingdom Research study into Ethnicity And COVID-19 outcomes in Healthcare workers”) is to understand if, how, and why healthcare workers (HCWs) in the United Kingdom (UK) from ethnic minority groups are at increased risk of poor outcomes from COVID-19. In this article, we present findings from the ethical and legal stream of the study, which undertook qualitative research seeking to understand and address legal, ethical, and social acceptability issues around data protection, privacy, and information (...) governance associated with the linkage of HCWs’ registration data and healthcare data. We interviewed 22 key opinion leaders in healthcare and health research from across the UK in two-to-one semi-structured interviews. Transcripts were coded using qualitative thematic analysis. Participants told us that a significant aspect of Big Data research in public health is varying drivers of mistrust—of the research itself, research staff and funders, and broader concerns of mistrust within participant communities, particularly in the context of COVID-19 and those situated in more marginalised community settings. However, despite the challenges, participants also identified ways in which legally compliant and ethically informed approaches to research can be crafted to mitigate or overcome mistrust and establish greater confidence in Big Data public health research. Overall, our research indicates that a “Big Data Ethics by Design” approach to research in this area can help assure (1) that meaningful community and participant engagement is taking place and that extant challenges are addressed, and (2) that any new challenges or hitherto unknown unknowns can be rapidly and properly considered to ensure potential (but material) harms are identified and minimised where necessary. Our findings indicate such an approach, in turn, will help drive better scientific breakthroughs that translate into medical innovations and effective public health interventions, which benefit the publics studied, including those who are often marginalised in research. (shrink)

Dans Folioplus philosophie, le texte philosophique, associé une oeuvre d'art qui l'éclaire et le questionne, est suivi d'un dossier organisé en six points :Les mots du texte : Corps, entrelacs (chiasme), chair ; L'œuvre dans l'histoire des idées ; La figure du philosophe ; Trois questions posées au texte : Y a-t-il une chair de l'image? L'accès à l'être implique-t-il la neutralisation du sensible? Y a-t-il une chair de l'histoire? ; Groupement de textes : L'écriture et l'image: l'existence, la mort (...) ; Prolongements. (shrink)

This thought-provoking book discusses the concept of progress in economics and investigates whether any advance has been made in its different spheres of research. The authors look back at the history, successes and failures of their respective fields and thoroughly examine the notion of progress from an epistemological and methodological perspective. The idea of progress is particularly significant as the authors regard it as an essentially contested concept which can be defined in many ways – theoretically or empirically; locally or (...) globally; or as encouraging or impeding the existence of other research traditions. The authors discuss the idea that for progress to make any sense there must be an accumulation of knowledge built up over time rather than the replacement of ideas by each successive generation. Accordingly, they are not concerned with estimating the price of progress, reminiscing in the past, or assessing what has been lost. Instead they apply the complex mechanisms and machinery of the discipline to sub-fields such as normative economics, monetary economics, trade and location theory, Austrian economics and classical economics to critically assess whether progress has been made in these areas of research. -/- Bringing together authoritative and wide-ranging contributions by leading scholars, this book will challenge and engage those interested in philosophy, economic methodology and the history of economic thought. It will also appeal to economists in general who are interested in the advancement of their profession. (shrink)

Cette lettre de 1904 que Maurice Ajam (1861-1944), député radical et disciple de Comte, adresse par voie de presse à son confrère, le positiviste allemand Heinrich Molenaar (1870-1965), traite de la question de l’Alsace-Lorraine. Le désaccord entre Molenaar et Ajam sur les solutions envisageables reflète un point de divergence entre une vision culturaliste et linguistique de la nation, et une conception volontariste. Les deux hommes surmontent leur désaccord à travers une volonté commune d’éviter la guerre et de résister aux (...) pressions nationalistes. Ajam félicite Molenaar pour son courage, puisque son projet de restitution à la France d’une partie de l’Alsace et de la Lorraine allait évidemment à contre-courant des idées du gouvernement allemand et de l’opinion. (shrink)

Dans le débat sur l'euthanasie, la passion l'emporte souvent sur la réflexion. Donner la mort, ou se donner la mort : voilà des actes qui sont loin d'être anodins. Le développement technologique des soins intensifs place aujourd'hui le médecin devant la possibilité, sinon l'obligation, de gérer la vie finissante. Au-delà des difficultés issues de cette situation nouvelle, le terme même d'" euthanasie " est lourd d'ambiguïtés. S'il désigne communément les procédés destinés à rendre la mort plus douce, diverses pratiques s'en (...) inspirent, qui peuvent être radicalement opposées d'un point de vue éthique. Geste de liberté individuelle, suicide, meurtre ou délivrance : la violence des arguments fait écho à celle de l'enjeu. Pour tenter d'y voir clair, une vingtaine de spécialistes d'horizons divers - médecins, psychologues, juristes, infirmières, psychiatres et représentants des religions - ont constitué pendant plusieurs années un groupe de travail collectif. Confrontant leurs convictions et leurs approches, parfois éloignées, souvent complémentaires, dans une volonté de dépassionner le débat, ils ont construit une réflexion approfondie sur la fin de vie, les soins palliatifs et l'accompagnement des mourants. Original et accessible à tous, cet ouvrage propose, face au désarroi des soignants et à la détresse des familles, une vision apaisée de la fin de vie, qui s'appuie sur la dignité de chaque personne. (shrink)

Faire la science de la pratique et trouver l'équation de l'action, ce n'est donc pas seulement développer, devant la pensée réfléchie, tout le contenu de la conscience spontanée ; mieux encore, c'est indiquer le moyen de réintégrer dans l'opération voulue tout ce qui est au principe de l'opération volontaire. Il ne s'agit point d'une connaissance partielle ou d'une réflexion morale, propre sans doute à éclairer la bonne volonté, mais sans caractère démonstratif ; il s'agit d'une science totale, capable d'embrasser le (...) déterminisme universel de l'action et d'en suivre le déploiement continu qui porte à l'infini ses conséquences nécessaires : de la pensée à la pratique et de la pratique à la pensée, le cercle doit être fermé dans la science parce qu'il l'est dans la vie. Par là même se trouve déterminé avec une précision nouvelle ce double rapport de la connaissance et de l'action. MAURICE BLONDEL. (shrink)

Peter Abelard (1079–1142 ce) was the most wide‐ranging philosopher of the twelfth century. He quickly established himself as a leading teacher of logic in and near Paris shortly after 1100. After his affair with Heloise, and his subsequent castration, Abelard became a monk, but he returned to teaching in the Paris schools until 1140, when his work was condemned by a Church Council at Sens. His logical writings were based around discussion of the “Old Logic”: Porphyry's Isagoge, aristotle'S Categories and (...) On Interpretation and boethius'S textbook on topical inference. They comprise a freestanding Dialectica (“Logic”; probably c.1116), a set of commentaries (known as the Logica [Ingredientibus], c. 1119) and a later (c. 1125) commentary on the Isagoge (Logica Nostrorum Petititoni Sociorum or Glossulae). In a work Abelard called his Theologia, issued in three main versions (between 1120 and c.1134), he attempted a logical analysis of trinitarian relations and explored the philosophical problems surrounding God's claims to omnipotence and omniscience. The Collationes (“Debates,” also known as “Dialogue between a Christian, a Philosopher and a Jew”; probably c.1130) present a rational investigation into the nature of the highest good, in which the Christian and the Philosopher (who seems to be modeled on a philosopher of pagan antiquity) are remarkably in agreement. The unfinished Scito teipsum (“Know thyself,” also known as the “Ethics”; c.1138) analyses moral action. (shrink)

Au cours des travaux de la mission de l'École Française à Amathonte (Chypre) a été découverte, en 1984, une inscription phénicienne gravée sur un fond de coupe attique de vernis noir. L'inscription se compose d'un nom de personne, précédé de la préposition L « (appartenant) à ». Il s'agit d'un nom de personne théophore qu'on propose de lire YKNSM[S] « (dieu) Sams établira fermement ». L'inscription peut être datée de la première moitié du ve siècle av. J.-G.

[vol. non numéroté] Notice. 1952. v. 1. Livres petit alif, grand alif ba' gim. 2. éd. 1967. v. 2. Livres dal, he zay, hha', tta' 2. éd. 1967. v. 3. Livres ya' et lam, et index alphabétiques des 3 volumes. 1948.

Against the background of the current European competitive media landscape, the media are more and more compelled to legitimize their activities in their own national context as well as at a European level. Meanwhile, the nature of the media diversity in The Netherlands has changed tremendously; from a society divided along political and religious lines, it has evolved towards a multi-ethnic society. Hence, both the conceptualizing and operationalizing of media diversity from an academic as well as a media practical perspective (...) prove to be hot topics. An expert meeting was held at the Department of Communication at Radboud University Nijmegen in December 2004 in which the contours of media diversity in general and in The Netherlands in particular were explored. Institutional performance as well as program-related aspects linked to the notion of media diversity were discussed. Media diversity was explored from the angle of media economics as well as from the perspective of the program/format level. In addition, the audience reception perspective as well as methodologically problematic aspects one encounters when measuring media diversity were assessed. What follows here is a selection of several most pertinent views on this complex topic. We welcome each critical insight from other geographical contexts which might stimulate the debate on measures of open and reflective diversity in the media. (shrink)

Le méchant n'a pas droit à la part du juste", répond Créon à Antigone. Mais qui distribue les mérites, et selon quels critères? Les représentations du juste varient d'une époque à l'autre, d'un continent à l'autre et même au sein d'une société pourtant assez homogène quant à sa composition, son histoire et son mode de vie. En atteste suffisamment le regard que l'on a porté sur l'esclavage, que l'on porte encore sur la domination masculine, l'avortement ou le mariage entre personnes (...) du même sexe...0Peut-on affirmer, comme une vérité absolue, ceci est juste? Les valeurs fournissent les critères d'appréciation d'une norme morale, sociale ou juridique mais, pour la seule Raison, quelle est la valeur d'une valeur? Vaut-elle absolument, pour tous, ou relativement, en un certain temps, en un certain Beu? Certains sont-ils dans le vrai, d'autres dans l'erreur? Si l'on ne parvient pas à établir une vérité de la valeur, faut- il admettre que tout se vaut? Faut-il renoncer à lutter et laisser à ceux qui croient le soin de définir ce qui doit être? Ou bien faut- il s'en tenir à ce qui est, qui sera juste par cette seule vertu? Peut- on échapper à l'impuissance relativiste sans le secours de la métaphysique? Ces questions se posent depuis toujours.0Explorer les réponses qui leur ont été données, les soumettre à une analyse critique rigoureuse, tel est l'objet de cet ouvrage. (shrink)